Climate change could trigger more landslides in High Mountain Asia

NOAA climate expert teams with NASA landslide expert to predict increased avalanche risk

Editor’s note: Jessica Metzdorf of NASA’s  Goddard Space Flight Center wrote the following story.

More frequent and intense rainfall events due to climate change could cause more landslides in the High Mountain Asia region of China, Tibet and Nepal, according to the first quantitative study of the link between precipitation and landslides in the region.

High Mountain Asia stores more fresh water in its snow and glaciers than any place on Earth outside the poles, and more than a billion people rely on it for drinking and irrigation. The team used satellite estimates and modeled precipitation data to project how changing rainfall patterns in the region might affect landslide frequency. The team found that warming temperatures will cause more intense rainfall in some areas, and this could lead to increased landslide activity in the border region of China and Nepal.

NOAA NASA science team

Landslide researcher NASA's Dalia Kirschbaum, left, and NOAA climate scientist Sarah Kapnick, brought together their respective expertise in new research that predicts that climate change will lead of increased severe rainfall in High Mountain Asia, which is likely to trigger increases in landslides. Credit:Dalia Kirschbaum/ NASA

More landslides in this region, especially in areas currently covered by glaciers and glacial lakes, could cause cascading disasters like landslide dams and floods that affect areas downstream, sometimes hundreds of miles away, the team said. The study in Geophysical Research Letters was a collaboration between scientists from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, N.J.; and Stanford University.

High Mountain Asia stretches across tens of thousands of rugged, glacier-covered miles, from the Himalayas in the east to the Hindu Kush and Tian Shan mountain ranges in the west. As Earth’s climate warms, High Mountain Asia’s water cycle is changing, including shifts in its annual monsoon patterns and rainfall.

Heavy rain, like the kind that falls during the monsoon season in June through September, can trigger landslides on the steep terrain, creating disasters that range from destroying towns to cutting off drinking water and transportation networks. In summer 2019, monsoon flooding and landslides in Nepal, India and Bangladesh displaced more than 7 million people. In order to predict how climate change might affect landslides, researchers need to know what future rainfall events might look like. But until now, the research making these predictions has relied on records of past landslides or general precipitation estimate models.

Mapping deaths from landslides

NASA’s Global Landslide Catalog contains more than 1,000 records of landslides in High Mountain Asia between 2007 and 2017. Some of these events caused hundreds or thousands of deaths. Credit: NASA

“Other studies have either addressed this relationship very locally, or by adjusting the precipitation signal in a general way,” said Dalia Kirschbaum, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. “Our goal was to demonstrate how we could combine global model estimates of future precipitation with our landslide model to provide quantitative estimates of potential landslide changes in this region.”

The team used a NASA model that generates a “nowcast” estimating potential landslide activity triggered by rainfall in near real-time. The model, called LHASA, assesses the hazard by evaluating information about roadways, the presence or absence of nearby tectonic faults, the types of bedrock, change in tree cover and the steepness of slopes. Then, it integrates current precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). If the amount of precipitation in the preceding seven days is abnormally high for that area, then the potential occurrence of landslides increases.

Model shows increasing risk of landslides

The model shows landslide risk for High Mountain Asia increasing in the summer months in the years 2061-2100, due to increasingly frequent and intense rainfall events. Summer monsoon rains can destabilize steep mountainsides, triggering landslides. Credit: NASA

The team first ran LHASA with NASA precipitation data from 2000-2019 and NOAA climate model data from 1982-2017. They compared the results from both data sets to NASA’s Global Landslide Catalog (GLC), which documents landslides reported in the media and other sources. Both data sets compared favorably with the GLC, giving the team confidence that using the modeled precipitation data would yield accurate forecasts.

NOAA climate model projects increased precipitation extremes, landslides

Finally, the team used NOAA’s model data to take LHASA into the future, assessing precipitation and landslide trends in the future (2061-2100) versus the past (1961-2000). They found that extreme precipitation events are likely to become more common in the future as the climate warms, and in some areas, this may lead to a higher frequency of landslide activity.

Most significantly, the border region of China and Nepal could see a 30-70% increase in landslide activity. The border region is not currently heavily populated, the team said, but is partially covered by glaciers and glacial lakes. The combined impacts of more frequent intense rainfall and a warming environment could affect the delicate structure of these lakes, releasing flash floods and causing downstream flooding, infrastructure damage, and loss of water resources.

The team said the full human impact of increasing landslide risk will depend on how climate change affects glaciers and how populations and communities change. When they evaluated their model projections in the context of five potential population scenarios, the team found that most residents in the area will be exposed to more landslides in the future regardless of the scenario, but only a small proportion will be exposed to landslide activity increases greater than 20%.

Working together for a safer future

The study demonstrates new possibilities for research that could help decision-makers prepare for future disasters, both in High Mountain Asia and in other areas, the team said.

“Our hope is to expand our research to other areas of the world with similar risks of landslides, including Alaska and Appalachia in the United States,” said Sarah Kapnick, physical scientist at NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and co-author on the study. “We’ve developed a method, figured out how to work together on a specific region, and now we’d like to look at the US to understand what the hazards are now and in the future.”

The study is the first scientific collaboration between Kirschbaum and Kapnick, who met as undergraduate students at Princeton University and reconnected professionally via NASA’s High Mountain Asia Team (HiMAT).

“We’ve been wanting to collaborate,” Kapnick said. “Our strengths are different and complementary, and we have fun together. There are a lot of advantages in working together to understand the Earth system.”

Please go online to read the research appearing in Geophysical Research Letters.

For more information please contact Monica Allen, NOAA Communications, at 301-734-1123 or monica.allen@noaa.gov